中國大陸供應鏈對求職者所造成的阻力

隨著中國大陸經濟的相對放緩，各行各業的企業都在面臨維持利潤的壓力，並開始轉向供應鏈一側來減少成本。雖然這使得該行業的多個領域得到了發展，但蘭熙蒙（Simon Lance）則認為，對想要得到職位提升的求職者來說，這可能並不是一個利好消息。

As Mainland China』s economy continues its relative slowdown, companies in all areas of the industry are facing pressure to discover ways of maintaining profit margins and are turning to supply chain to reduce costs. This is leading to expansion in various aspects of the industry, however this does not necessarily spell good news for candidates looking to improve their positions, according to Simon Lance.

目前中國大陸供給鏈的主要趨勢是「提高效率」，但中國本地和跨國企業追求這個目標的策略卻不盡相同。本地企業著重於創造和發展出成熟的供應鏈部門，而外企則寄希望於利用規模經濟和廠址的轉移帶來福利。

The main trend in Mainland China』s supply chain is 『increasing efficiency』, though domestic and multi-national companies are pursuing this aim via differing strategies. While local companies are focusing on creating and developing a fully-fledged supply chain function, foreign businesses are setting their hopes on economies of scale and delocalisation.

Simon解釋說：「本地企業越來越重視供應鏈的作用，並且想要通過完善的供應鏈來打造井井有條的高效業務。為了做到這一點，它們如今正在模仿信息技術和金融領域在過去的成功策略——招聘來自外企的人才並利用他們的專業知識。」

「Domestic companies are becoming increasingly interested in the supply chain function and are trying to bring structure and efficiency by building a well-organised supply chain function.」 explains Simon. 「To this end they are imitating the tactic that was so successfully implemented by the IT and finance industries in the past by hiring candidates from foreign companies and utilising their expertise.」

許多外國企業已經擁有了自己的供應鏈，所以它們會選擇創立服務共享中心，並且將廠址轉移到成本更低的地區。

With many of the foreign based companies already having supply chain functions in place, they are instead looking to the creation of shared service centres as well as delocalisation towards cheaper locations.

Simon說：「通過將供貨和採購環節轉移到中國大陸，並且利用覆蓋整個區域的服務中心，跨國企業不僅可以減少僱工的成本，還有望找到原材料品質相同，價格卻便宜得多的供應商。」

「By relocating sourcing and procurement functions to Mainland China, and with the development of shared service centres covering the entire region, multi-national companies can reduce not only employment costs.」 says Simon. 「Through sourcing, they are also hoping to find suppliers that can provide the same quality of raw materials at a much lower price.」

而在僱工成本方面，本地企業和跨國企業都開始將視野從主要的大城市轉向了二線和三線城市，這對行業內的人才來說將會是一個挑戰，因為他們可能也要轉移陣地了。

With regards to employment expenditure, both domestic and MNCs are looking to relocate from the main cities to tier two and three cities, something that is proving challenging for candidates within the industry who may be expected to move.

「流動性對當今的求職者來說愈發重要。企業想要的是在二三線城市擁有豐富供貨經驗的人才。求職者必須要精力充沛、追求結果、並且還要是一位優秀的談判者。」

「Mobility is becoming increasingly important for candidates at the moment. Companies are looking for people with strong experience in sourcing based in the lower tiered cities. Candidates must be energetic, results driven and good negotiators.」

對於想要在跨國公司謀職的求職者來說，會說英語也是一項優勢。企業現在發現很難找到與崗位完美匹配的人才，但是他們自身是不會作出改變的，而是要求人才自身的改變來適應企業的發展。

With English-speaking also an advantage for candidates looking to work for MNCs, companies are finding it difficult to find the perfect fits for roles, but rather than showing flexibility themselves, they are expecting it instead of candidates.

Simon說：「最重要的一點，人才必須要服從企業，這不僅要體現在他們的實際工作中，還應體現在他們原意轉移的意願上。企業的財務壓力導致人員無法加薪，這就意味著許多人才會選擇從成本高昂的城市移出。企業和人才的勞動合同談判要比以往更加困難。」

「Most importantly, candidates must be amenable, not only in their working practices but also in their willingness to relocate. Companies are under such pressure with financial results that high salary increases are not viable, and that means locations outside of the more expensive cities. Companies are negotiating harder than ever before,」 Simon says.

「市場的反應相對較慢，所以企業自然就掌握了去留的大權。也就是說，除了少數本地企業的高管外，其他大部分員工的薪資增長都會放緩，並且面臨轉移去二三線城市的壓力。這時候員工要麼服從企業的安排，要麼面臨失去工作的風險。」

「And as the market is otherwise comparatively slow, it is the companies that have the power. This means that for all but a very few senior candidates at local companies, on the whole candidates are looking at low levels of salary increase and pressure to relocate to a lower tiered city. It could be a case of either taking that option or risk losing their job.」

中國大陸供應鏈的其它總體趨勢如下

An overview of what other trends have been observed in Mainland China』s supply chain sector can be viewed below.

中國政府認識到了供應鏈的重要性，並開始引導和促進該領域的創新，希望能在2020年成為全球供應鏈的領軍者。

The Chinese government has recognised the rise in importance of supply chain and has released guidelines on promoting innovation in the sector, marking an intention in becoming the leading global provider of supply chain services by 2020.

需要實現供應鏈結構化的企業想要的是能夠立馬開展工作的人才，這一點在製造行業的企業中體現地尤為明顯，其中52%的企業將擁有高新技術作為對求職者的首要要求。

Companies needing to implement the supply chain structure are looking for candidates who can hit the ground running, something that is especially noticeable in companies in the manufacturing operations industry, with 52 per cent citing high levels of technical knowledge as the prime candidate requirement.

而那些願意培訓新員工的製造業公司，它們的課程一般是內外結合，對員工進行全面的培訓。

For those companies in manufacturing that are willing to train new staff, it is for the most part being done through a combination of internal and external programs.

大多數供應鏈內的企業都不要求人才必須是外國人，其中69%的製造企業和63%的綜合型企業都沒有對外國人才的偏愛。

Companies in supply chain show, for the most part, no requirement for expatriate hires, with 69 per cent of manufacturing companies and 63 per cent of general companies showing no preference for foreigners.

只有在對反賄賂和反腐敗要求最高的採購行業才特別需要外國的人才。但是因為二三線城市一般沒有國際學校和外國社區，所以大多數人才不願意轉移。

It is only in the purchasing function where the implementation of anti-bribery and corruption practices are of highest importance that expatriates are requested. However, due to the unlikelihood of the lower tier cities having international schools and an expatriate community, most candidates are proving unwilling to move.

供應鏈中的自動化行業的趨勢是使用效率更高、成本更低的機器，這樣做的同時還減少了事故和盜竊的風險。

Automation in the supply chain is a growing trend with robotics being more effective and cost efficient, while also reducing risk of both industrial accidents and petty theft.

尋找新機遇的求職者中有32%的人正在前往二三線城市，尋找職業上的發展。

32 per cent of candidates looking for new opportunities are doing so in order to seek professional development.